Diabetic kidney disease, commonly termed diabetic nephropathy (DN), is the most common
cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide. The characteristic histopathology of
DN includes glomerular basement membrane thickening, mesangial expansion, nodular
glomerular sclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Diabetes is associated with a number of
metabolic derangements, such as reactive oxygen species overproduction, hypoxic state,
mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. In the past few decades, our knowledge of DN …